SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  ushop_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    649, 658, 657, 656, 655, 654, 653, 652, 
    651, 650, 648, 647, 646, 645, 644, 643, 
    642, 641, 640, 372
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00103

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "14.01"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "ushop_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 20,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 20,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`parent_id` in (649,658,657,656,655,654,653,652,651,650,648,647,646,645,644,643,642,641,640,372))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "12.01",
        "eval_cost": "2.00",
        "prefix_cost": "14.01",
        "data_read_per_join": "65K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`category_id` <> 264)"
    }
  }
}