SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  ushop_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 
    416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 
    424, 425, 433, 427, 426, 428, 429, 430, 
    431, 432
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00041

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "18.21"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "ushop_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 26,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 26,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`parent_id` in (408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,433,427,426,428,429,430,431,432))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "15.61",
        "eval_cost": "2.60",
        "prefix_cost": "18.21",
        "data_read_per_join": "84K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`category_id` <> 264)"
    }
  }
}