SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  ushop_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    712, 748, 749, 694, 747, 750, 751, 752, 
    362, 753, 754, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 
    368, 718, 719, 720, 755, 756, 721, 722, 
    738, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 
    730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00113

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "28.01"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "ushop_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 40,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`parent_id` in (712,748,749,694,747,750,751,752,362,753,754,713,714,715,716,717,368,718,719,720,755,756,721,722,738,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "24.01",
        "eval_cost": "4.00",
        "prefix_cost": "28.01",
        "data_read_per_join": "129K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`category_id` <> 264)"
    }
  }
}