SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  ushop_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    747, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 
    737, 738, 729, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 
    753, 754, 755, 756, 728, 694, 712, 713, 
    714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 
    722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 362, 368
  ) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00155

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "28.01"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "ushop_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 40,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 40,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`parent_id` in (747,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,729,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,728,694,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,362,368))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "24.01",
        "eval_cost": "4.00",
        "prefix_cost": "28.01",
        "data_read_per_join": "129K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`marketplace`.`ushop_categories`.`category_id` <> 264)"
    }
  }
}